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A summary of the 2016 Budget, from Grant Thornton

Key Figures:

Corporation Tax rate from 1 April 2016                            20%

2016/17 personal allowance                                           £11,000

2016/17 higher rate threshold                                         £43,000

Highlights:

• Restricted relief for corporate interest expense from April 2017 coupled with a reduction in the rate of Corporation Tax to 17% from April 2020
• Capital Gains Tax to be cut 28% to 20% from April 2016, with the exception of gains in respect of residential property and carried interest
• Changes to the rates and bands applicable for Stamp Duty Land Tax on commercial property effective from midnight

Summary

Pensions and savings

Following the Chancellor's announcement before the Budget that the taxation of pensions would not be reformed in this Budget, speculation grew rapidly that he would instead remove the current relief from Employers’ Class 1 National Insurance Contributions (NICs) for employer contributions to employees' pensions funds; a relief recently reported by the government to be worth some £14 billion a year. This would effectively have ended salary sacrifice arrangements in respect of pensions.

While potentially raising revenue in the short-term, this could have had a serious negative impact on pension savings. In a survey conducted by Grant Thornton last month, 43% of employers responded that they would reduce pension contributions for their employees if further costs were imposed on such contributions. As the evidence seems to suggest that most employees limit their contributions to equal their employers' contribution, so any reduction in employers' contributions could have reduced the total amount saved in pensions by twice that amount.

The Chancellor made no mention of salary sacrifice arrangements in his speech, but the  Budget publication confirms that Employers’ NIC relief will continue for pensions savings through salary sacrifice arrangements (as, indeed, will the tax and NIC relief on childcare and health-related benefits provided under salary sacrifice arrangements).

We are pleased that changes to tax relief for pensions have been abandoned; a stable but flexible environment encourages a vibrant economy in which individuals and employers are incentivised to make appropriate pension provision for the long term. The younger generation will then have the opportunity to follow in a similar manner. 

On that basis, we also welcome the Chancellor's announcement of a new flexible Lifetime ISA that can be opened from 6 April 2017 by those aged between 18 and 40. Those eligible can save up to £4,000 each year and will, until the age of 50, receive an additional 25% bonus from the government. Savings, including the government's bonus, can be accessed to buy a first home and in retirement. In the latter instance, if the funds are withdrawn after the age of 60, they will be entirely tax free.

This arrangement appears similar to the Pension ISA idea that some thought the Chancellor was going to introduce to replace the current pension regime. Its appearance as a Lifetime ISA may be indicative that the Chancellor had indeed planned to do so. He may still do so, of course…

Size Matters

Large companies were heavily targeted in today’s Budget with a number of measures being introduced that aim to raise nearly £8 billion from large companies and multinationals over the course of this Parliament.

Not unexpectedly, and in line with the OECD’s recommendations under the BEPS Action Plan, new rules will apply from 1 April 2017 to restrict the tax deductibility of corporate interest expense, for both third party and intragroup borrowing, based on a 30% fixed ratio rule subject to a supplementary group ratio rule. There will be a £2m starting threshold and specific rules for private finance for public infrastructure projects.

The Chancellor also confirmed that rules implementing the BEPS recommendations to address hybrid mismatches, in order to prevent multinationals avoiding tax through the use of cross-border business structures, will be introduced from 1 January 2017.

Anti-avoidance measures to require tax to be withheld from a wider range of international royalty payments has been introduced with effect from midnight.

Significant reforms to loss relief will be introduced from April 2017 providing greater flexibility for using losses against other income sources and in group entities while restricting relief for carried forward losses to 50% of profits over £5 million in a year to ensure some tax is payable. 

The business tax road map, published alongside the Budget, indicates that the government intends to consult on potential reform of the Substantial Shareholding Exemption, applicable for corporate capital gains.

There was some good news for companies of all sizes, albeit longer term, with the announcement of a further reduction to the Corporation Tax rate to 17% from 1 April 2020.

Refocusing Capital Gains Tax

One of the themes of today’s Budget has been to differentiate between gains realised on different categories of assets. Gains made as a result of investing in entrepreneurial business will enjoy reduced rates of tax as compared to gains made from pure investment assets. For example, the government is extending Entrepreneurs' Relief to outside investors in unlisted trading companies investing in newly issued shares purchased after 16 March 2016.  Provided the shares are held for at least 3 years from 6 April 2016, they will benefit from a 10% rate of tax with a separate lifetime limit of £10 million of gains.

There has been a reduction in the higher rate of Capital Gains Tax (CGT) from 28% to 20%, with the basic rate falling from 18% to 10%, in relation to disposals made on or after 6 April 2016. Types of property that do not qualify for the reduced CGT rates include residential property and 'carried interest'. Such a move should help to encourage investment, and paradoxically it may also increase tax yields by making tax less of an issue in the context of selling investment assets.

At the same time the government has listened to representations that the changes made in Finance Act 2015 went too far, unnecessarily limiting the availability of Entrepreneurs' Relief to retirement from or sale of businesses. A number of changes are proposed to change this retrospectively, and also in a way that seeks to protect the exchequer. A number of measures have been introduced designed to protect the tax base and discourage planning measures that the government considers to be undesirable.

Finally, the government is introducing measures to focus and cap reliefs as a result of reducing CGT rates. This includes introducing a lifetime ceiling of £100,000 on gains treated as being exempt under the Employee Shareholder Status rules. Similarly, whilst investment managers will be able to pay CGT at 28%, instead of income tax at up to 45%, on their performance related carried interest returns, in order to do so, the fund must undertake investment activity with horizons in excess of 3 years.

Taxing Times for Property Investors

The Chancellor announced further changes aimed at discouraging residential property investors, with the aim of assisting first time buyers to get on to the property market.

The 3% increase in Stamp Duty Land Tax on second homes and buy to let properties, announced in the Autumn Statement and coming into effect from 1 April 2016, is now being extended to larger scale investors who were originally excluded from the increased charge.  In addition, apital gains on the sale of residential properties will not benefit from the reductions in the main rates of CGT from 6 April 2016 that were announced today.

The desired outcome of these measures, as well as the previously announced restrictions on interest relief for buy to let investors, is to reduce the incentive for investing in UK residential property rather than in companies creating wealth and jobs.  However, our concern remains that the additional cost of the changes will simply be passed on to private tenants, further penalising them compared to those already on the housing ladder.

Also in the Chancellor's firing line are those using offshore structures to trade in or develop UK land in order to minimise tax on the profits generated.  New legislation is to be introduced to ensure that all economic profits from trades involving dealing in or developing UK land are fully taxable in the UK.

The Chancellor also announced changes to the rates of Stamp Duty Land Tax on non-residential property, which is part of the government's plan to support smaller businesses, and will result in lower Stamp Duty Land Tax on acquisitions of premises below £1.05m.  

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